Tamarindenbaum

Agroforestry Services: Crop shade Agroforestry Services: Living trellis Agroforestry Services: Windbreak Fodder: Bank Management: Standard Minor Global Crop Tamarind grows best in drier areas of the tropics, though it can also do well in much wetter, monsoon areas so long as there is a distinct dry season. It is found at elevations up to 1,500 metres[298 , 325 , 418 , 774 ]. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 20 - 35°c, but can tolerate 12 - 45°c[418 ]. When dormant, the plant can survive temperatures down to about -3°c, but young growth can be severely damaged at -1°c[418 ]. The plant is very sensitive to frost[325 ]. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 800 - 3,000mm, but tolerates 300 - 4,500mm[418 ]. In India, it is not grown commercially in areas receiving more than 1,900mm of rain a year and in the wet tropics, with over 4,000 mm of rain, flowering and fruit setting is significantly reduced[325 ]. Regardless of total annual rainfall, a long, well-marked dry season is necessary for fruiting[303 ]. Plants succeed in a range of soils, though they prefer a well-drained, fertile soil in a sunny position[302 , 307 ]. Often found near the coast and in sandy soils, which suggests it is tolerant of saline conditions[298 ]. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5 - 6.5, tolerating 4.5 - 8.5[418 ]. Plants have an extensive root system, which makes them very tolerant of windy conditions (including salt-laden winds) and drought[200 , 303 , 307 ]. Growth is generally slow; seedling height increasing by about 60cm annually[303 ]. Trees commence bearing fruit at 7 - 10 years of age, with maximum yields being obtained from about 15 years onwards[303 ]. Trees can continue yielding for 200 years[325 , 774 ]. Yields of 200 kilos per tree have been recorded[200 ]. There are many named forms[298 ]. The trees respond to coppicing and pollarding[303 ]. This species has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil bacteria, these bacteria form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Some of this nitrogen is utilized by the growing plant but some can also be used by other plants growing nearby[200 ]. Flowering Time: Mid Winter. Bloom Color: Rose/Mauve Pale Yellow. Spacing: 4-6 ft. (1.2-1.8 m).

Edible Parts: Flowers Leaves Seed Seedpod Edible Uses: Coffee Drink Seedpod - raw or cooked. An acid flavour[398 ]. Harvested when fully grown but still green and tender, they are used as a seasoning and also to make juices and paste[296 ]. The immature pods are used in a variety of ways, being eaten fresh mixed with spices, pickled like green mango, or added whole to soups, stews and sauces[301 ]. The pods are 5 - 15cm long[302 ]. When fully mature, the pods contain a sticky paste which can be eaten raw , used to make drinks, jellies, syrups etc, and, mixed with salt, is a favourite flavouring in the curries of India[296 , 301 , 303 ]. This paste is usually quite sour due to its content of tartaric, acetic and citric acids[307 ], though sweet forms can also be found[298 ]. The sweet-fruited forms are considered a delicacy and are eaten raw[301 ]. Mixed with water, the pulp makes a pleasant lemonade-like drink[298 ]. Mature seeds - dried then toasted or boiled and the shell is removed[298 ]. The seed can be ground into a flour[298 ]. The roasted seed is also used as a coffee substitute[301 ]. Young leaves - raw or cooked. An agreeably sour flavour, they go well cooked with other blander leaves[298 ]. Young leaves can be added to salads[298 , 301 ]. Seedlings, when about 30cm tall, are used as a vegetable[301 ]. Flowers - raw in salads or cooked[298 , 301 ].

Adhesive Charcoal Dye Fodder Fodder Fuel Furniture Ink Lighting Paint Parasiticide Plant support Polish Shelterbelt Tannin Varnish Wood Seaside. Large shade tree. Street tree. Public open space. Bonsai. Xerophytic. Agroforestry Uses: Tamarind is not very compatible with other plants because of its dense shade, broad spreading crown and allelopathic effects. It has been tested as an agroforestry species in India but although the reduction in crop yield is less than that with species such as teak, the spreading crown makes it little compatible with other species[303 , 325 ]. The dense shade makes it more suitable for firebreaks as no grass will grow under the trees[303 , 325 ]. The deep roots make it very resistant to storms and suitable for windbreaks[325 ]. Other Uses The pulp of the fruit, sometimes mixed with sea-salt, is used to polish silver, copper and brass[303 ]. It is normally used when the pulp is over-ripe[307 ]. The seed contains pectin that can be used for sizing textiles[303 ]. Ground, boiled, and mixed with gum, the seeds produce a strong wood cement[303 ]. An amber coloured seed oil - which resembles linseed oil - is suitable for making paints and varnishes and for burning in lamps[303 ]. Both leaves and bark are rich in tannin. The bark tannins can be used in ink or for fixing dyes[303 ]. The leaves yield a red dye, which is used to give a yellow tint to clothe previously dyed with indigo[303 ]. Sapwood is light yellow, heartwood is dark purplish brown; very hard, durable and strong (specific gravity 0.8-0.9g/cubic m), and takes a fine polish. It is used for general carpentry, sugar mills, wheels, hubs, wooden utensils, agricultural tools, mortars, boat planks, toys, panels and furniture. In North America, tamarind wood has been traded under the name of 'Madeira mahogany'[303 ]. Provides a good firewood with the calorific value of 4 850 kcal/kg, it also produces an excellent charcoal[303 , 598 ].

Heimisch: Comoros, Madagascar Eingeführt: Aldabra, Amazonia colombiana: sur del departamento del Vichada; el suroriente del Meta; todo el territorio de los departamentos de Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Guaviare, Putumayo y Vaupés; la Bota Caucana; y las vertientes amazónicas de Nariño (la parte alta de los ríos Guamuez, Sucio, San Miguel y Aguarico), Andaman Is., Angola, Aruba, Assam, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bismarck Archipelago, Bolivia, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Caroline Is., Cayman Is., Central African Republic, Chad, Chagos Archipelago, China South-Central, China Southeast, Christmas I., Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, DR Congo, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Florida, Galápagos, Galápagos Islands, Gambia, Ghana, Gilbert Is., Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Haiti, Hawaii, India, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Laccadive Is., Laos, Leeward Is., Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Malaya, Maldives, Mali, Marianas, Marquesas, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico Central, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Mozambique, Mozambique Channel Is., Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Is., Niger, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Oman, Pakistan, Panamá, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Rodrigues, Réunion, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Socotra, Somalia