Rübsen

Rübsen wird auch als Rübenkohl, Rübsamen bzw. Rübsaat bezeichnet. Er ist ein essbares, bis zu 80 cm hohes, gelb blühendes Kreuzblütengewächs, das seit der Jungsteinzeit als Nahrungs- und Futterpflanze kultiviert wird. Es wurden aus ihm wichtige Nutzpflanzen entwickelt:

Speiserübe,

zu der u.a. die Mairübe, das Teltower Rübchen, die Bayerische Rübe und die Herbstrübe zählen.

Stängelkohl

Rübstiel mit Namenia

Ölrübsen

Raps

Chinakohl

Pak Choi

Japanischer Senfspinat

Kennzeichen des Rübsen sind:

• krautige, ein- bis zweijährige, essbare Pflanze
• Pfahlwurzel
• verzweigter, blaugrüner Stängel
• Wuchshöhen von 20 bis 200 cm
• grasgrüne Grundblätter. Ihre Form ist leierförmig: fiederförmig mit vergrößertem Endabschnitt (lyrate).
• blaugrün bereifte, ganz stängelumfassende Stängelblätter
• Die Einzelblüten besitzen, wie es für Kreuzblütengewächse typisch ist, vier Kronblätter (Blütenblätter, Petalen), die kreuzweise angeordnet sind. Sie sind goldgelb. Der Blütenstiel der einzelnen Rübsenblüte ist immer länger als die Blüte selbst.
• Blütenstand: Anfangs schirmtraubig, wobei die geöffneten Blüten - im Unterschied zur Rapsblüte - die Blütenknospen überragen. Der Blütenstand streckt sich zur Fruchtreife hin traubig.
• Blütezeit: April bis September.
• Blüten sind auf Bestäubung durch Bienen angewiesen.
• Die Früchte entwickeln sich in Form von Schoten mit kugeligen, dunkelbraunen Samen.

Weitere Merkmale:

Der Rübsen stammt er aus dem mediterranen Raum und zählt zu den mitteleuropäischen Archäophyten . Er stellt geringere Ansprüche an Klima, Bodenart und Düngung als der nahverwandte Raps (Kreuzung aus Rübsen und Kohl).

Der Samenhandel unterscheidet zwischen den nicht überwinternden Sommerrübsen und den überwinternden Winterrübsen. Somit kann er von April bis Ende September ausgesät und auch als Gründungungspflanze verwendet werden, wobei allerdings auf die Fruchtfolge geachtet werden muss, denn er überträgt Kohlhernie und Nematoden. Also keine vorangegangenen oder nachfolgenden Kreuzblütengewächse, wie beispielsweise Kohlarten, Verwandte des Rübsen (siehe oben), Rucola, Kresse, Radieschen, Sommerrettich, Winterrettich ... Er verträgt sich jedoch gut mit Kartoffeln, Erbsen, Bohnen, Sonnenblumen, Getreide und Salat.

Verwildert findet man den Rübsen häufig auf Schuttstellen, Ödland und als Ackerunkraut.

Turnip is basically a cool climate crop that is resistant to frost and mild freezes. The plants are very easily grown, provided they grow quickly when young and the soil is not allowed to dry out. They succeed in full sun in a well-drained fertile preferably alkaline soil. Turnips grow best in deep, friable, highly fertile soil with pH 5.5 - 6.8. They are said to prefer a light sandy soil, especially when grown for an early crop in the spring, and dislike a heavy soil. They prefer cool moist growing conditions. Turnips tolerate an annual precipitation of 35 to 410cm, an annual average temperature range of 3.6 to 27.4°C and a pH in the range of 4.2 to 7.8. Temperatures below 10°C cause the plants to run to seed, even if they have not yet formed an edible root. The turnip is often cultivated, both in the garden and commercially, for its edible root. A fast growing plant, it can take less than ten weeks from sowing to harvesting. Its short growing season makes turnips very adaptable as a catch crop. There are several named varieties and by careful selection and successional sowing it is possible to harvest roots all year round. The roots are fairly cold hardy and can be left in the ground during the winter, harvesting them as required. However, they can be troubled by slugs and other creatures so it is often better to harvest them in late autumn or early winter and store them in a cool but frost-free place. This species has long been cultivated as an edible plant and a large number of forms have been developed. Botanists have divided these forms into a number of groups, and these are detailed below. Separate entries in the database have been made for each group. B. rapa. The species was actually named for the cultivated garden turnip with its edible swollen tap root. This form is dealt with on this record. B. rapa campestris. This is the wild form of the species. It does not have a swollen root and is closest to the forms grown for their oil-rich seeds. B. rapa chinensis. Pak choi has long been cultivated in the Orient for its large tender edible leaves which are mainly produced in the summer and autumn. B. rapa dichotoma. Cultivated in the Orient mainly for its oil-rich seeds. B. rapa narinosa. Chinese savoy is another Oriental form. It is grown for its edible leaves. B. rapa nipposinica. Mizuna is a fast-growing cold-hardy form with tender edible leaves that can be produced all year round. B. rapa oleifera. The stubble turnip has a swollen edible root, though it is considered too coarse for human consumption and is grown mainly for fodder and as a green manure. It is also cultivated for its oil-rich seeds. B. rapa parachinensis. False pak choi is very similar to B. rapa chinensis with tender edible leaves, though it is considerably more cold-hardy. B. rapa pekinensis. Chinese cabbages are widely grown in the Orient. The large tender leaves often form a cabbage-like head. B. rapa perviridis. Spinach mustard is grown for its edible leaves. A very cold-hardy plant, and also able to withstand summer heat, it can provide a crop all year round. B. rapa trilocularis. Indian colza is mainly grown for its oil-rich seeds. Grows well with peas but dislikes growing with hedge mustard and knotweed. A good bee plant.

Edible Parts: Leaves Root Edible Uses: Leaves - raw or cooked. The cooked leaves make an acceptable vegetable, though they are coarser than the related cabbage. They are more often used as a spring greens, sowing the plants in the autumn and allowing them t overwinter. Young leaves can also be added in small quantities to salads, they have a slightly hot cabbage-like flavour and some people find them indigestible[K]. A nutritional analysis is available. Root - raw or cooked. Often used as a cooked vegetable, the young roots can also be grated and eaten in salads, they have a slightly hot flavour like a mild radish. A nutritional analysis is available.

Fodder Insecticide Turnip root peelings contain a natural insecticide. The chopped roots can be brewed into a tea with flaked soap, this is then strained before use. It is effective against aphids, red spider mites and flies.

Heimisch: Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Italy Eingeführt: Alabama, Alaska, Alberta, Aleutian Is., Altay, Amur, Andaman Is., Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Arkansas, Assam, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, British Columbia, Buryatiya, California, Cambodia, Cape Provinces, Cayman Is., Central European Russia, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Chita, Colombia, Colorado, Comoros, Connecticut, Cook Is., Corse, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechia-Slovakia, Delaware, Denmark, District of Columbia, Dominican Republic, East European Russia, East Himalaya, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Falkland Is., Finland, Florida, France, Free State, Føroyar, Galápagos, Galápagos Islands, Georgia, Germany, Gilbert Is., Great Britain, Guatemala, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, Hungary, Idaho, Illinois, Inaccessible Island, India, Indiana, Iowa, Ireland, Irkutsk, Juan Fernández Is., Kamchatka, Kansas, Kazakhstan, Kentucky, Kenya, Khabarovsk, Kirgizstan, Korea, Tristan da Cunha